4.4.2 Heating Market Clearing and Thermal Energy Pricing

Academic

Includes bibliographical references.

Intro; Preface; Motivation of This Book; Organization of This Book; Background Knowledge Required to Read This Book; Potential Readers and Usage of This Book; Acknowledgments; Contents; Acronyms; Abbreviations; Symbols and Functions; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Energy Resources; 1.2 Physical Infrastructures; 1.2.1 Electric Power Systems; 1.2.2 Natural Gas System; 1.2.3 District Heating System; 1.2.4 Urban Transportation System; 1.3 Transition to the Integrated Energy System; 1.4 Benefits and Challenges; 1.5 Focus of This Book; 1.6 Summary; References; 2 Electric Power System with Renewable Generation

2.1 Introduction2.2 Power Flow Model; 2.2.1 Bus Injection Model; 2.2.2 Branch Flow Model; 2.3 OPF and Its Variations; 2.3.1 Cost-Minimizing OPF; 2.3.2 Maximum Loadability Problem; 2.3.3 Bi-objective OPF Problem; 2.3.4 OPF with Elastic Demands; 2.4 Robust Energy and Reserve Dispatch; 2.4.1 Deterministic Reserve Provision and Deployment; 2.4.2 Scenario Set Based Robust Formulation; 2.4.3 Ambiguity Set Based Robust Formulation; 2.4.4 Case Study; 2.5 Dispatchable Region: Characterization and Optimization; 2.5.1 Definition and Property of the Dispatchable Region

2.5.2 Computing the Dispatchable Region2.5.3 Probability of DC Power Flow Infeasibility; 2.5.4 Dispatchability Maximization; 2.6 Robust Unit Commitment; 2.6.1 Deterministic Formulation of UC; 2.6.2 A Heuristic Method to Determine Reserve Level; 2.6.3 Robust UC with Pumped Storage Hydro; 2.7 Summary and Conclusions; 2.8 Further Reading; References; 3 Integrated Gas-Electric System; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Mathematical Model of the Natural Gas Network Flow; 3.2.1 Network Components and Topology; 3.2.2 Matrix Representation of the Network; 3.2.3 Compressor Model; 3.2.4 Passive Pipeline Model

3.2.5 Network Flow Model3.3 Optimal Gas-Power Flow; 3.3.1 Mathematical Formulation of OGPF; 3.3.2 Problem Decomposition; 3.3.3 Distributed Algorithm; 3.3.4 Case Studies; 3.4 Equilibrium of LMP Based Gas-Electricity Markets; 3.4.1 Market Model; 3.4.2 Discussion on Market Equilibria; 3.4.3 Case Studies; 3.5 Bidding Strategies in Coupled Gas-Electricity Markets; 3.5.1 Market Settings and Assumptions; 3.5.2 EPEC Model for Optimal Bidding; 3.5.3 Fixed-Point Algorithm; 3.5.4 Case Studies; 3.6 System Components Reinforcement; 3.6.1 Mathematical Formulation; 3.6.2 A Decomposition Algorithm

3.6.3 Case Studies3.7 Summary and Conclusions; 3.8 Further Reading; References; 4 Heat-Electricity Energy Distribution System; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Mathematical Model of the District Heating Network; 4.2.1 Hydraulic Model; 4.2.2 Thermal Model; 4.2.3 Operating Characteristics of Heat Sources; 4.2.4 Optimal Hydraulic-Thermal Flow; 4.3 Market Based Distributed Operation; 4.3.1 Basic Settings and Market Equilibrium Model; 4.3.2 An Iterative Algorithm; 4.3.3 Case Studies; 4.4 Equilibrium of Interdependent Heat-Power Markets; 4.4.1 An LP Model for Power Market Clearing

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